Despite the paper being titled "Phylogeny of a new gigantic paravian (Theropoda; Coelurosauria; Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island, Antarctica", the only hint at the size besides scale bars is "The approximate length of the pedal ungual of digit II in Utahraptor is 10 cm (approximate measurement made by one of the authors based on illustrations provided by Kirkland et al., 1993), and although the distal half of the pedal ungual in Imperobator is missing, an estimate for its total length would be 4-5 cm." Their figure 7C suggests pedal phalanx IV-1 is 61 mm long, compared to 44.7 mm in Deinonychus specimen AMNH 3015, which would scale to 4.18 m using Paul's (1988) estimate. For another comparison, the distal tibia is 60 mm wide according to figure 5A, while AMNH 3015's is 63.3 mm. This would be 2.90 m if scaled to Paul's estimated length. So Imperobator was ~3-4 meters long as far as I can tell. Is that gigantic?
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| Reconstruction of the pes of Imperobator antarcticus (UCMP 276000) after Ely and Case (2019). |
As regards the anatomy, I feel the authors missed an opportunity to fully figure this taxon known from multiple three dimensionally preserved fragments. The initial paper just had a single photo of the reconstructed pes in anterior view, and this one has single perspectives for all but one of the fragments (distal mtIII is shown in anterior and posterior views). Case et al. stated
"The dentition is poorly preserved except for two teeth that were preserved in a fragment of concretion. The teeth and the associated fragments all indicate long, narrow biconvex teeth. This shape suggests that both anterior and posterior carina were present; however, no serrations were noted on the carina, thus it is impossible to determine if serrations were present or absent. The teeth are incipiently laterally compressed, but retain a rounded outline, particularly anteriorly. The shape is indicative of teeth from the anterior region of the jaw."
... but here no teeth are even mentioned. If they couldn't be definitely associated with the hindlimb, this should have at least been stated. Their figure 4 showing the reconstructed pes is humorously bad as someone seemingly traced a photograph with no concern for theropod phalangeal proportions, so that digit III is shortest and phalanx IV-1 is three times longer than other phalanges in that digit. I mean, if you have a decade to make a paper you can draw a realistic theropod foot. If the figure's accurate, phalanx IV-1 is extremely robust, bringing to mind Austroraptor. Contra the caption for figure 7 (which is wrong, as C is "Proximal phalanx of pedal digit IV in dorsal view" and E is "Distal articular surface of a phalanx possibly pertaining to digit III (?)"), no phalangeal part shown is likely to be from pedal digit I as all are about equal in width to digits III/IV. This makes their statement
"Potential material from digit I may be present (Fig. 7D). It is distinguished by what may be a prominent flexor heel on the proximoventral surface, morphologically similar to that of the dromaeosaurid (avialan?) Balaur bondoc (Csiki et al. 2010)."
... confusing, as 7D seems to be the proximal half of a non-ungual phalanx positioned as III-1 in Case et al. (2007). In the materials list, Ely and Case also state "material from metatarsal I, and even metatarsal V may be preserved", but we get no description or illustration of these. Note contra line 428, fibular fusion is absent in Buitreraptor and Graciliraptor.
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| Holotype of Imperobator antarcticus (UCMP 276000) as photographed by Case et al. (2007). Distal phalanges of digits III and IV not described by Ely and Case (2019), and distal metatarsal IV and phalanx IV-1 missing. |
As regards the phylogeny, Ely and Case find Imperobator to fall out in Paraves in a polytomy with eudromaeosaurian and anchiornithine OTUs. They reran this as a Bayesian analysis which favored placing it among anchiornithines, although exclusion from Dromaeosauridae was just barely supported at 50%. While the authors seem to favor a basal position, as in their 2016 SVP abstract where it emerged as a basal deinonychosaur, their analyses suggests an anchiornithine troodontid or eudromaeosaurian dromaeosaurid placement are about equally supported.
Imperobator was included in the Lori analysis (as the 'Naze dromaeosaur') and had a highly unstable position. Rescoring it given the new paper and assuming the teeth cannot be assigned to the taxon, it now emerges as a halszkaraptorine. Interesting.
References- Paul, 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. Simon and Schuster. 464 pp.
Case, Martin and Reguero, 2007. A dromaeosaur from the Maastrichtian of James Ross Island and the Late Cretaceous Antarctic dinosaur fauna. in Cooper and Raymond (eds). Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World – Online Proceedings of the 10th ISAES X. USGS Open-File Report 2007-1047, Short Research Paper 083, 4 pp. DOI: 10.3133/ofr20071047SRP083
Gianechini, Makovicky, Apesteguía and Cerda, 2018. Postcranial skeletal anatomy of the holotype and referred specimens of Buitreraptor gonzalezorum Makovicky, Apesteguía and Agnolín 2005 (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae), from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. PeerJ. 6:e4558. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4558
Ely and Case, 2019. Phylogeny of a new gigantic paravian (Theropoda; Coelurosauria; Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island, Antarctica. Cretaceous Research. DOI: 10.1016/j.cretres.2019.04.003